What is the I-V characteristic?

The I-V characteristic is a graphical representation of how a component's current (I) changes when the potential difference (V) changes.

Taking a look at the I-V graph

  • The graph typically has potential difference (V) on the x-axis and current (I) on the y-axis.
  • If the graph is a straight line passing through the origin, the component obeys Ohm's Law. If it's a curve, the opposite is true. 
  • The gradient of the I-V graph at any point represents the reciprocal of the resistance (1/R) of the component at that particular voltage.
  • A steeper gradient means lower resistance, a shallower gradient means higher resistance.
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I-V characteristic of an Ohmic conductor

  • When a metallic conductor is Ohmic, the I-V graph shows a straight line passing through the origin.
  • This means that resistance is constant and the conductor obeys Ohm's Law.
  • However, changes in temperature and pressure may cause the resistance to change, changing the gradient of the I-V graph.
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I-V characteristic of an NTC thermistor

  • The I-V characteristic of an NTC thermistor is a straight line (Ohmic) when the temperature remains constant.
  • However, the resistance decreases as the temperature increases, causing the gradient of the I-V graph to increase. 
  • Many thermometers use the resistance of an NTC thermistor to determine the temperature of the environment. 
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